Stewart Hemingson

The word just came out that Adult Swim has cancelled their long running (if not exactly prolific) animated show, The Venture Bros. While in today’s day and age a cancellation doesn’t necessarily mean that something is gone forever, with the show in such a precarious position, I found myself thinking back to it over and over. It may be that myself, and others, simply took The Venture Bros. for granted. Due to a very slow release schedule, with new seasons coming out two or three years apart, it was perhaps too easy for the show to be put at the back of peoples’ minds. We should remember, however, that the slow release schedule was mostly due to the incredibly intricate scripts, plots and animation being worked on for every season.

Trying to talk about The Venture Bros is difficult for me without simply falling into trying to explain why so many scenes and characters are so memorable. The original premise of the show is an amusingly dark take on Hanna-Barbera era cartoons, particularly Jonny Quest. (A thinly disguised Johnny actually shows up in the show as a washed-up drug addict). The show focuses around the family and employees of Rusty Venture, who was a child adventurer with a “super-science” father, similar to Jonny. The constant encounters with danger, an impossible to live up to father figure and an emotionally abusive upbringing have left Rusty as a bitter, narcissistic underachiever with two dimwitted sons, coasting on his father’s achievements and money. While he shows little skill at the “super-scientist” life, he still goes through the motions with half-baked inventions, and suffering the attention of various super-villains, most notably the obsessive Monarch. Few of these villains ever manage to do much permanent damage, however, due to Rusty’s murder machine of an assigned bodyguard, Brock Sampson.

The show was famously described by its creators as being “about failure”, with the various characters inheriting the broken dreams of the optimistic Space Age cartoon era. And yet, if this was all the The Venture Bros. was, I don’t think it would have had as much charm as it did. Many shows present “incomplete” characters to attract audience sympathy, but then proceed to never give them any sort of development or growth, constantly retreading the same lessons and mistakes. The Venture Bros. manages to find meaning in failure, even if in small and incremental steps, and part of the fun of the series is watching the excellent character arcs play out. It’s not only the characters who get development however, but the world. The heroes and villains are shown to operate under a strict set of rules and guidelines, ensuring that their escapades can continue through to the modern day with minimal impact. The combination of comic book antics with the minutiae of awkward personal lives makes the series feel like a sweeter hearted Watchman at times.

These are the broad strokes of what makes the show so watchable, but the success is really in the details. Even with the great character development and worldbuilding aside, The Venture Bros. is flat out hilarious, especially once it hits its stride after a season or two. A stellar voice cast manages to make even minor characters memorable and often hilarious, and a hallmark of the show is gag characters turning into important parts of the series. It would be too long to explain all of the varied cast, but I have to say my favourite is the avuncularly villainous Dr. Henry Killinger, a demented but charming combination of his namesake (down to the accent) and an evil Mary Poppins.

The show thrives off of references like that but, unlike other “reference humour” based shows, they never feel like an impediment on plot or the humour of the script. The show might toss out visual, dialogue and scene replication gags at a mile a minute, but the story nearly never slows down to for a laborious explanation. The references feel more like Easter eggs for the attentive viewer, and range so widely as to have something for everyone. My personal favourite running gag is that the leader of the main villain organization is David Bowie, and the shows milks those lyrical references for all they are worth. The fact that the references go above and beyond obvious “nerd” ones are part of the charm. Sure, the show will pull out references to The Empire Strikes Back – but then blends in a healthy dose of Barbarella at the same time. It’s the perfect salve for the soul for those of us stuck with the pain of living in a post Big Bang Theory world.

This is all building up to the fact that the scripts and delivery are absolutely on point, and the comedy manages to feel both tightly designed and improvisational at the same time. When combined with the excellent voice actors, simple dialogue between characters becomes hilarious. This is aided by the fact that the characters are so endearing, even the side ones, and watching them play off of each other is fun in its own right.  You can tell that the slower release schedule is well used to get the comedic timing fine-tuned to perfection. This attention to detail also allows for very clever call backs and self-references, further rewarding the attentive viewer.

As far as adult animated television goes, I can confidently say that The Venture Bros. should stand up there with the like of The Simpsons and Futurama. Arguably it may be better than either of those overall, as it never really developed the issue of later seasonal rot. The biggest disappointment is that the cancelled eighth season was supposed to be the last, the one that would have brought closure to certain lingering questions and character arcs. Even without this final season, I would still heavily recommend the show. Hopefully my prayers will be answered, and the eighth season will find a platform for release. Here’s hoping!

In my previous post, I mentioned that I believe that the current set of Star Wars sequels, under Disney, have been poor continuations of what came before. Now that enough time has passed that people are looking past the hype that Disney built in order to drive profits, the general consensus among those unlucky enough to care is that the films were, on a whole, a waste of time.

I don’t really want to go into a lengthy analysis of the many failures of Disney-era Star Wars. Partially this is because I feel like my appreciation for the franchise is of a much milder and more limited form than found elsewhere. Mostly it’s because there are already many fantastic movie reviewers who have, through articles, podcasts, and video reviews, picked apart all of the various shortcomings of the films.

What I find more interesting are what I consider some fallacies that pop up over and over again in discussing these films. Since these have been on my mind, I’ve decided to put down my thoughts on them. These fallacies are less about the films themselves (though they do touch on their content) and more about the context that the films find themselves sitting in.

The first assumption I see a lot of is that the sequels have managed to vindicate the prequels. The Star Wars prequel films were often considered the worst things to happen to Star Wars, until the sequels. However, that era has a good deal of nostalgia for many people as well, and there seems to be growing belief that the issues with the sequels somehow exonerates the prequels, showing that they had some kind of method to their madness.

Sadly, something being flawed does not remove the flaws from another thing. Two wrongs don’t make a right, as they say. What is very striking to me is that the two series actually seem to suffer from many of the same issues. The sequels promised to be a “return to form” for Star Wars and yet copied many of the worst aspects of the prequels, but without any of the charming parts.

Both series have a painful lack of editing on their scripts, with plenty of quite frankly terrible dialogue and bizarre story choices. In the case of the prequels, this is because Lucas had no one to reign in his poor choices – his scripts for the original films were also notoriously bad until they had some helpful editing and feedback from his wife and others. Lucas was a great idea-man but went off course without constraints. The new films seem to have no excuse except for a lack of imagination. The prequel films are filled with awkward attempts at conveying emotion (think “I hate sand”), while the sequel films are filled with worse than awkward attempts at self-aware humour  (remember that we live in a world where a major Star Wars movie essentially began with a “your mom” joke”).

The scripts have similar issues beyond simple dialogue, however. Both prequel and sequel have a hard time sticking to an interesting villain, like the originals did with the mysterious Darth Vader. The prequel films make the mistake of keeping their best asset, the delightful evil Senator Palpatine, from doing much until the final film. Between that, there is a revolving door of villains who are continuously killed off before they can make much of an impact. If it can be believed, the sequels handled this even worse, having to pull back Palpatine in a truly ridiculous twist in order to have any sort of a real villainous presence in the final film. Both sides also undermine the protagonist side of things as well. A major aspect of Star Wars are the Jedi, who wield the mysterious power known as the Force, a unifying energy in the galaxy that can allow for fantastical powers through training and discipline. The prequels caught a lot of flak for “demystifying” the force, trying to give unneeded explanation for its manifestation in characters, as well as hinging far too much on overbearing prophecy. The sequels finish this deconstruction by removing the idea that you need any sort of training at all, with truly outlandish feats (including curing death) being fairly easily attained.

Perhaps most frustrating is how often both series rely on the idea that out of movie material can be used to justify their own missing parts. In the prequel, late addition villain General Grievous does not have nearly as much impact as he does if you watched the accompanying cartoon and read his books. In the sequels… well, absolutely nothing about the set-up of the films makes any sort of sense without a highly convoluted set of circumstances that are explained elsewhere. Is it too much to expect films to stand on their own? Good or bad, the expanded universe material for the original films were organically grown out from what was a completed story. Expecting audiences to pay more money to patch the holes in the narrative smells suspiciously to me like patching incomplete or buggy video games – and no one should be aspiring to copy the companies in the major video game industry.

Beyond just the plot, the sequels were supposed to avoid the overreliance on CGI that plagued the prequels. However, a few practical effect creatures here and there don’t change the fact that most of the “spectacle” scenes in the sequel rely nearly as much on CGI as the prequels did. Both films feel rather cold compared to the intimacy many of the best scenes in the original films provide. The directing in the prequels suffer because Lucas, a normally at least competent director, gets lost in his own labyrinth of CGI, using it is an answer to everything. In the sequels, CGI is used more as a gimmick or distraction than as an overbearing backdrop, bright and kinetic displays being used to try and divert attention from issues in script and editing.

A second and more insidious fallacy is that the sequels are bad because they are “political”,an assertation that normally comes with a lot of buzzwords attached – “SJW”, “woke”, “leftist” etc.

This is laughable to anyone who knows anything at all about Lucas’s very liberal political leanings. The original films were about combatting imperialism and fascism in the service of democracy and had a very Eastern philosophical outlook. You could even argue that Lucas viewed the evil Empire as America and the Rebels as plucky anti-imperialists like the Viet Cong. The prequels were very much made with George Bush-era America in mind. You cannot take issue with the new Star Wars films adding in minority actors without also taking issue of Lucas doing the same with characters like Lando Calrissian and Mace Windu.

That said, I fully admit that every attempt by the sequels to add in politics come off as embarrassing and bungled, particularly in the second movie, The Last Jedi. What Lucas made feel natural or heartfelt, the new films make feel token and tacked-on. The second film raises the point that the “real villains” are war profiteers and capitalists, which then has promptly nothing to do with the rest of the series at all and is never brought up again. I think when space Nazis are breaking the laws of physics to blow up multiple planets, you may have a larger problem at hand. In a meta context, the film doesn’t really do much to advance any sort of cause in the way that a character like Princess Leia did in the originals – utterly subverting previous conceptions about princesses and female characters in fantasy and science fiction. Compared to the male leads in the originals, Princess Leia always comes off as the most competent and confident, though not to the detriment of other characters. She gets captured and injured but fights just as hard for what she wants as anyone else, eventually triumphing over her enemies in the end. In the new films, the female lead is seemingly perfect from the get-go, with truly superhuman powers and no real clear stake in anything, her triumph over whatever the script leads her into being assumed. In short, the problem is with the script of the sequel, not the politics of the creators – similarly to how it was Lucas’s lack of a restraining hand that doomed the prequels, not his own political outlook.

In the end, the Star Wars series seems to be less on a continuous decline, and more in the strange state it has always been – massively culturally relevant due to the influence of its original films and media based on them, but unable to ever really recapture their magic. That said, I actually do understand why the prequels are looked at much more fondly, and I don’t think it’s just pure nostalgia. The prequels and sequels are both massively flawed but in different ways. The prequels are bad in bizarre and often amusing ways and there is a reason that many parts of the prequels have become staples in meme culture. I wouldn’t feel too pained about watching the prequels if I was forced to, honestly. At their worst they’re funny, and at their best, they do have some interesting new ideas and situations. The sequels really feel like films made by committee. At their best, they are only blindly aping the original films. At their worst, they are almost physically painful to sit through. I will always remember The Last Jedi as my absolute worst theatre-going experience, bar none. In short, the prequels are one man’s vision that he failed to realize. The sequels are one corporation’s plan to start milking a newly acquired franchise as fast as possible. Lucas overthought a lot of the prequels. Disney gave none of its creative team nearly enough time to properly plan.

There are also the contexts that the films were released in to consider. While the prequels themselves may not have been that good, they came at a time when there was a wealth of Star Wars content being released, much of it quite popular. This was a time many remember growing up in, with plenty of excellent Star Wars video games and, later, related shows. If you were interested in Star Wars material, it was a good time, and the fans had much to be excited about to balance out the disappointment of the films. The sequel era began with Disney essentially removing all of the existing expanded universe materials from canon, wiping the slate clean. Star Wars video game releases under Disney partner EA became remarkably scarce and often controversial, such as with Battlefront II  – EA seeming more interested in creating methods to hook children on gambling than on creating a good game. While Disney and EA both seem to be trying to course-correct with new products, it feels like too little, too late.

So, in the end, while I think it’s a little premature to declare the prequels now “good”, I do understand why they have more supporters and fans. The great analysis and criticisms of those prequels are just as valid as the criticism we have today about the sequels, however. As for me? I’m not particularly bothered – I still quite like the originals (particularly Empire) and they’re not going anywhere. That is unless Disney tries to copy Lucas’s “special edition” idea….

I’ve mentioned in previous posts how much the phrase “Next Game of Thrones!” both frustrates and amuses me. It’s excessive over usage during the heyday of the Game of Thrones television show was truly ludicrous, with every rumoured fantasy or historical series being awarded the term. This was, of course, entirely independent of the level of actual similarities to Game of Thrones. In general, I find such trend chasing a little irritating. We already have a Game of Thrones. Why would we need another? (And after the Game of Thrones finale, why do we want another?)

With this pall of expectation hanging over any fantasy related product, when I watched The Dark Crystal: Age of Resistance, I can say that I was absolutely delighted by its desire to forge its own identity. The show is wonderful in its willingness to do its own thing, and it’s an utter shame that there will not be a second season. I highly recommend checking out the single season that exists on Netflix.

The show is a prequel to Jim Henson’s The Dark Crystal, a fantasy film released in 1982. The film has developed a cult following for its imagination and gorgeous practical effects, but was not readily accepted by audiences due to having no visible human actors, all the characters being portrayed by puppets, as was Henson’s specialty. The puppets in The Dark Crystal are much more intricate in design, however, than Henson’s colourful staples in the Muppets, and inhabit a richly detailed and strange fantasy wilderness. The philosophical themes, deliberate pace and lack of much grounding in our own world make The Dark Crystal not the easiest watch, but a rewarding one. There is a lot to enjoy in the original film, perhaps most memorably, its villains, the baroque and repulsive Skesis, a decayed and twisted nobility living in the ruins of their splendour.

When I heard of a revival of a nearly forty-year-old cult film, I was generally hesitant. We seem incapable of grasping the appeal of some of our most popular properties, as the recent dismal entries into series like Star Wars and Star Trek demonstrate. If we can’t get those right, what hope would there be for a cult puppet movie? I was very pleased to have been proven absolutely wrong. In fact, my thinking on the matter was probably entirely backwards. The Dark Crystal was such a sleeper success of the film that the stakes were likely considered low and the creative staff had more room to be, well, creative.

Age of Resistance is everything that a sequel should be, which is especially impressive given the shift in format from film to television. The attitude of the creators seems firmly rooted back in 1982, with a focus on wonder, mystery and likeably characters, over violence and shock. And yet, the series is not just a retread of the first film, instead building on its ideas and taking them in new directions. What truly amazed me is how the series manages to be a prequel, with certain information certain to the audience if they’ve seen the movie, and yet still manages to be surprising and intriguing. We know how things must eventually end up, but there was enough blank space in the film to add in plenty of questions and twists. The show is also very good at making every development seem natural, instead of simply tossing out ‘mystery boxes’ that will never be opened.

The series also manages to strike an excellent balance between old and new content. Too often sequels feel either like they are retreaded the same ground or are so divorced form the details of the original as to feel like a separate world to the original. The Dark Crystal may be the new gold standard in how to treat a fictional universe. Nothing is needlessly destroyed or undone, and so much great new detail is added. The series manages to celebrate the first movie without repeating it. A major benefit of the series being a prequel is that the villains, the Skeksis, are allowed to return in a combination of familiar characters and new additions.

In fact, all the characters are a major highlight of the show. Despite everyone being puppets, they feel like they have a lot more life to them than many “real” performers! The voice cast features a wealth of talent that is a delight to listen to. A particular favourite for me was Mark Hamill voicing The Scientist. The voice actors help propel a script that is often surprisingly witty, deftly balancing the light and the dark, the humorous and the serious. The world itself is gorgeous, and a character all of its own (figuratively as well as literally in the context of the show). New technologies have been added, but the series never devolves into distracting “CGI soup”, with deliberate and interesting artistic choices made throughout.

It’s very sad that the series, having done everything with such loving care, won’t be returning for a second season. That said, the first season is a satisfying watch all on its own, with a good ending point that caps off a full arc. I was, in fact, very impressed with how quickly the show moves along while keeping coherent – nothing is dwelt on to the point that it becomes overdone. If you’re the sort who likes your fantasy, well, fantastical, it’s a series well worth a watch.

It cannot be overstated what a landmark set of films The Lord of the Rings were. At the time they were a phenomenon, beloved by audiences and critics alike. To this day I’d argue that the films hold up quite well. You can tell the love and care that was put into every moment of them, and the enthusiasm of the cast and crew for the product. It really feels like a set of films that someone really wanted to make, a sad rarity these days. One would think that The Lord of the Rings would usher in a new age of similar fantasy films, and yet, I’m not sure anything has even come remotely close. The question is then – what happened?

I should start by saying that the post-Lord of the Rings fantasy film landscape is not entirely barren. Guillermo del Toro has bravely been keeping the fantasy spirit alive through his work, and there have been many sleeper classics such as 2007’s Stardust. But none of them have won the critical and popular acclaim as Lord of the Rings – with the exception, perhaps, of the contemporary Harry Potter series. In fact, if we count by sheer money earned, Harry Potter outstripped Lord of the Rings, its 8 films raking in roughly 8 billion dollars, neatly comparable to the Lord of the Rings raking in 3 billion dollars for 3 films. I don’t wish to be overly critical of the Harry Potter films (and will leave books and author right out of this discussion), but I can’t help but wonder if it was Harry Potter that had more of a part in directing the future of fantasy films then Lord of the Rings – and if the lessons learned from it were all beneficial ones. After all, while Harry Potter started at about roughly the same time as Lord of the Rings, it ended nearly a decade later.

While there are many who will decry the suggestion that Harry Potter is “just for children”, I can’t help but suspect that it was a major impact on the emergence afterward of a storm of “young adult” oriented fantasy films. While I’m sure that these all had their fans at the time, very few of them seemed to have had the staying power of Harry Potter. Trying to age target so aggressively also did little to help the longevity of these followers in the public consciousness. I’m not sure that anyone is really going to fondly look back on the Percy Jackson series. And absolutely no one remembers Sorcerer’s Apprentice.

These series all hold the similarity with Harry Potter in that they take place adjacent to “reality”, with characters slowly learning about a “hidden” fantasy world. This kind of fantasy is of course as valid as any other, but I have to wonder if it made producers wary about dropping people into a truly and completely different world such as in Lord of the Rings. This effect may not have been a significantly negative one, but I must ask if it was perhaps a more limiting one, restricting the number of screenplays that actually made it to production.

Harry Potter also taught that bigger was better. Three movies making a billion dollars each is good, but what about eight movies making a billion dollars each? What about more? Unfortunately, this may be the most major reason why Lord of the Rings has had some of its impact stolen; namely, the blatant attempt to copy Harry Potter’s franchise size by releasing the severely lackluster and uninspired Hobbit trilogy, which featured a single slim book scraped over too much screen time (ironically, The Hobbit should have been the one film in this era to try for a more whimsical, innocent tone) and may have actually undid all the work that Lord of the Rings had begun. Harry Potter went even further with spinoff films, and other genres altogether took the idea to new heights, finally crystallizing in the total domination of Disney with its multiple money printing franchises. While there is nothing inherently wrong with these films on their own, there has arisen the unspoken idea that the new is obsolete when the retread is now the cutting edge. In this paradigm, there is little room for the sort of evolution I discussed in the first half of this piece.

Whether it was the success of Harry Potter, the failure of The Hobbit, or other factors, the fantasy landscape after Lord of the Rings seemed to be defined by this skew into the morass of young adult adaptations – and then, the reaction to it. The next landmark in the genre on screen was certainly Game of Thrones, which was as much a pseudo-historical drama as it was a fantasy work. The choice of a work noted for gratuitous sex and violence, adhering to “gritty” sensibilities, may have been reactionary, but it was surely a winning formula, Game of Thrones arguably being as big a phenomenon as Lord of the Rings despite never hitting the big screen. It would seem that the muted impact of Lord of the Rings wouldn’t matter – here could be the real start of a fantasy renaissance.

And yet I think that the failure of the fantasy genre to have a major cultural impact after Lord of the Rings is connected to a dirty secret behind Game of Thrones’ ultimate fate of irrelevancy. While adhering to the story laid out by book writer George RR Martin, the series flourished. And yet the writers who took over in finishing the story, Benioff and Weiss, took an attitude that seemed to suggest that they viewed the fantasy genre in the same way that it had been seen before Lord of the Rings, claiming that they did not want to appeal to “(fantasy) fans” but to “mothers, NFL Players…”. The unspoken assumption here is that to be a fan of fantasy is to be a strange exception. In short, fantasy is not viewed within Hollywood as having had its “arrival” yet. But how could Game of Thrones ever been that homecoming, I wonder, if it was being designed by its writers to reject its very nature?

The money Game of Thrones made still has many seeking to be its successor, to various levels of success. Given the directional choices, I think that maybe those Game of Thrones successor dollars will be better found in historical dramas than in works that delve deeper into the fantasy genre. But honestly, the phrase “The Next Game of Thrones!” was pretty ridiculous when the show was well-liked, suggesting that success comes through emulation. After the finale of Game of Thrones, the phrase becomes hilarious.

In the end, my point here has to chart how odd the evolution of the fantasy genre in film and television has been as a cultural force when compared to other genres, with consistent “false starts”, lapses into obscurity, and constant chasing of its own tail. This does not mean there have not been many great fantasy films and shows, and nor that there will not continue to be many in the future. Indeed, out of North America, the genre may have very different paths. Europe always seems to have room in its heart for the genre, and China’s filmmaking industry seems to have dived into the concept with full gusto when they discovered the special magic of awful CGI. In Japan… well, let’s not talk about the fantasy genre in Japan until the isekai craze is well and truly buried.

As for me, I’m quite happy with the situation. I don’t get upset by a bad adaptation of something I enjoyed, as I consider the adaptation a work that stands on its own. At the same time, I don’t really feel the necessity of an adaptation as a “validation” as some seem to need. No matter what Hollywood is doing at any given moment, there is a rich and expansive world of fantasy literature that is never going away. And maybe, sometimes, things are better left to the imagination anyway.

I have mentioned before that we often draw our lines too thickly when it comes to defining the various genres that sprung up from early speculative and weird fiction – traditionally dividing them into science fiction, fantasy, and horror. At the same time, I fully understand why these distinctions have become important as groupings, as those genres themselves have splintered into more and more subcategories and evolved to suit changing tastes and styles.

These diverging paths have taken these genres into very different places over the years, having their own highs and lows. What is interesting to look at is the relationship between these genres in the written format comparative to the film format. I had this particular subject on my mind after a heard a friend mention the complaint that the fantasy genre gets underserved in film compared to science fiction and horror.

Having been brought up on Peter Jackson’s Lord of the Rings movies my first instinct was to protest this, but further reflection made me wonder if there wasn’t some truth to this. At the time, there was an expectation that Lord of the Rings would serve to “legitimize” fantasy, in the same way that The Exorcist “legitimized” horror, and 2001: A Space Odyssey “legitimized” science fiction. Obviously, I believe that this is too much of an oversimplification, but it does feel that fantasy has had a start that was both delayed and stumbling compared to its sister genres. The aforementioned films did not radically change their entire genres but did leave the door open for films to be to be more ambitious within the scope of their genre. More so, they turned their genres into a worldwide phenomenon that helped shape the popular culture in the Western world and beyond.

The fantasy genre seemed to be on track for a second chance at a major breakthrough with a different approach with the wide popularity of Game of Thrones. However, decreasing quality once the writers had to go off the notes of book author GRR Martin, followed by a last season that has become best remembered as a punchline, Game of Thrones looks doomed to quickly fade from its previous impactful heights. I suspect its legacy will be overall a more damaging one to the fantasy genre in television. I cannot count the times I’ve read in news articles the excitement about “The Next Game of Thrones!” This initial burst of popularity has so warped perception of the fantasy genre that a plethora of shows have been twisting themselves to try and become Game of Thrones imitators. (One of the most hilarious examples I can think of is the recent show Carnival Row which started in concept as a Guillermo del Toro headed steampunk fantasy series. While elements of this remain, the show we got quickly leaps off the rails as soon as it hits the Game of Thrones inspired incest and half-baked political plots.)

It may simply be that we have to be patient. Science fiction and horror filmmaking had what felt to be much more organic growth, though each did have its periods of stagnation. This history does strengthen both those genres, however – even during their bleaker eras, they have a solid foundation to return to when things look bad. Popular director Denis Villeneuve clearly takes inspiration from older, more contemplative science fiction films when crafting his own modern takes. Rising horror director Ari Aster clearly looks to older horror based around family dysfunction, such as Carrie or Rosemary’s Baby. His second film, Midsommar, is highly reminiscent of the horror classic The Wicker Man (no, the first one, not the remake. I know you were about to make a comment about bees.)

I think a clue is that these genres have had a flexible evolution that is deeply tied to their audiences. Our concept of the future and of what scares us changes incrementally over time, and these ideas can be constantly updated to what might interest an audience. 2001: A Space Odyssey appealed to those interested in space travel within our solar system, with the space race well underway at the time. In the 70s, science fiction often pivoted to political and social commentary, reflecting more uncertain times, with films like Logan’s Run and Soylent Green. Science fiction even arguably managed to appeal to a desire for fantasy better than the fantasy genre even did with Star Wars and Flash Gordon, and found itself comfortable intertwining with horror through films like Alien and The Thing. The changing concepts of what technology was and meant to us resulted in the growth of cyberpunk, with films like Blade Runner. Horror was also able to change with the times, atomic monsters and gothic horrors giving way to satanic conspiracy and supernatural terror, eventually transitioning into the modern slasher icons, who were almost comically flexible in their timeliness. (Remember Jason heading into space? Michael Myers killing contestants on a reality TV Show? Freddy Krueger using the Powerglove? Actually, does anyone even remember the Powerglove at all?)

Fantasy, meanwhile, by its nature is in many ways disconnected from our current time, and from its trends. While certain styles of fantasy come in and out of fashion, it is much more difficult to pin down exactly why this is without pointing to a particular work that others sought to emulate – fantasy, essentially, often sets its own trends. This timeless nature is part of the appeal of the genre to many, I think, but translating it to film often involves a constant risk of not connecting with wide general audiences, a risk that not many are willing to take. There was also the unfortunate assumption by many that while science fiction and horror can be made to appeal to all ages, that fantasy was best targeted towards children. This is not to knock many of the fantastic fantasy films aimed at family audiences, but it did put another self-imposed limitation on the number of fantasy films that could be greenlit, and the number of them. Frustratingly, one of the most promising mediums for fantasy, that of animation, itself managed to suffer from an association with being “mere” children’s entertainment, despite many valiant attempts to break from this mold. These included directors as diverse as Ralph Bakshi, who made adult-oriented films like Fire and Ice and Wizards (not to mention his own take on Lord of the Rings) and Japanese director Hayao Miyazaki, who has produced brilliant works that make a mockery of the idea that family, fantasy and animated films cannot be high art.

This is not to say that there were not any great live-action fantasy films before The Lord of the Rings arrived – far from it. The original Conan the Barbarian and The Princess Bride are particular favourites of mine, as well as the works of Jim Henson and Terry Gilliam. There is also the issue that fantasy is a rather fluid term on its own – many films with very fantastic elements to them tend to be grouped into other genres, or simply declared to be “magical realism” or “surrealist”.

However, for many fans of fantasy, Lord of the Rings surely seemed like a 2001 or a Star Wars, something that would carve out a new space for their genre to compete alongside others on equal and respected footing. But was that really the case?